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What is seminal vesiculitis?
Seminal vesiculitis is an inflammation and often an infection of one or both vesicular glands, most often secondary to prostatitis, although it may occur independently. Seminal vesiculitis is mostly caused by staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus, and E. Coli. This condition often occur on men during 20 and 40 years old, with the typical symtom - blood in semen.
What are seminal vesiculitis causes?
Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions that could possibly cause Seminal vesiculitis includes:
The cause of vesiculitis appears to vary greatly as bacterial, viral, and unidentified causes have been blamed. Because of the expence of the antibiotic and labor to administer treatment, long term treatment with antimicrobials is not warrented unless one first collects a sample of seminal vescile fluid and determines that a bacterial infection is in fact present.
What are seminal vesiculitis symptoms?
Seminal vesiculitis symptoms include:
- Blood in semen. Red or pink semen is seen, sometimes blood clots can be found in semen fluid.
- Urinary discomfort. Pain with urination, burning with urination, urgent urination, frequent urination are all possible seminal vesiculitis symptoms.
- Pain. Lower abdominal pain is typical, the pain can spread locally in pelvic area to perineum area or the groins. Dull pain in upper pubis with perineum discomfort often occur on men with chronic seminal vesiculitis. Pain may aggravate with ejaculation.
- Others. Acute seminal vesiculitis may bring fever and chill. Blood in urine is one of acute seminal vesiculitis symptoms as well. Low sex drive, ED, premature ejaculation may occur on men with chronic seminal vesiculitis.
How is seminal vesiculitis diagnosed?
Seminal vesiculitis is diagnosed with semen analysis and digital rectal exam (DRE). Some times blood test is performed. Semen analysis is performed to check if there're large amount of white blood cells and red blood cells. Semen culture is also necessary to check if there's infection.
How is seminal vesiculitis treated?
Treatment of seminal vesiculitis is often the same with prostatitis treatment. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescribed for treating this disease. Herbal medicine "diuretic and anti-inflammatory pill" has also proven effective on curing seminal vesiculitis, it has helped thousand males get rid of Seminal vesiculitis symptoms completely without reoccur.
What is necrospermia?
Necrospermia is a condition in which the spermatozoa in seminal fluid are dead or motionless.
When semen has less of mature normal sperms & more of dead sperms this condition is abnormal. When ever there is less of normal sperm then chances of spontaneous pregnancy decreases (i.e. difficulty in conceiving i.e. wife does not becomes pregnant). This is one of the common causes of male factor infertility. This is also one of the most common semen abnormalities in men.
What are necrospermia causes?
1. Deficiency of central sperm producing hormones
Hypothalamic: pituitary deficiency: Idiopathic GnRH deficiency, Kallman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, Hypothalamic deficiency, pituitary hypoplasia, Trauma, post surgical, postiradiation, Tumour (Adenoma, craniopharyngioma, other), Vascular (pituitary infraction, carotid aneurysm), Infiltrative (Sarcoidosis, histiocytosis, hemochromatosis) Autoimmune hypophysitis, Drugs (drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, steroids use)
Untreated endocrinopathies, Glucocorticoid excess, Hypopituitarism, Isolated gonadotropin deficiency (non acquired): Pituitary, Hypothalamic, Associated with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies: Idiopathic pan hypo pituitarism (hypothalamic defects), Pituitary dysgenesis, Space-occupying lesions(craniopharyngioma, Rathke pouch cysts, hypothalamic tumors, pituitary adenomas), , Laurence-Moon-Beidl syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome , Frohlich syndrome, Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism : Klinefelter syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Viral orchitis, Cytotxic drugs, Testicular irradiation.
2. Testicular disorders (primary leydig cell dysfunction i.e. Hypoganadism), Chromosomal (Klinefelter syndrome and variants, XX male gonadal dysgenesis), Defects in androgen biosynthesis, Orchitis (mumps, HIV, other viral, ),Myotonia dystrophica, Toxins (alcohol, opiates, fungicides, insecticides, heavy metals, cotton seed oil), Drugs (cytotoxic drugs, ketoconazole, cimetidine, spironolactone)
3. Varicocele: varicocele is dilatation of scrotal vein in the scrotum that leads to rise in temperature of testis and raise testicular temperature, resulting in less sperm production & death of whatever sperms are produced.
4. Drugs (e.g. spironolactone, ketoconazole, cyclophosphamide, estrogen administration, sulfasalazine)
5. Autoimmunity i.e. presence of Antisperm antibody. These Antisperm antibodies bind with sperms & either make them less motile, totally immotile or even dead which is called necrospermia.
6. Undescended Testicle (cryptorchidism). Undescended testis is a condition when one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the lower part of scrotum during fetal development. Undescended testicles can lead to less sperm production. Because the testicles temperature increase due to the higher internal body temperature compared to the temperature in the scrotum, sperm production may be affected.
7. Mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome In this disorder of the chromosomes, of the man is abnormal. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low sperm production. Testosterone production may be low or normal.
8. Viral Orchits as mumps or other viral infections.
9. Infections as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis involving testis or surrounding structures as epididymis.
10. Chronic systemic diseases as Liver diseases, Renal failure, Sickle cell disease, Celiac disease
11. Neurological disease as myotonic dystrophy
12. Development and structural defects as mild degree of Germinal cell hypo-plasia
13. Partial Androgen resistance
14. Mycoplasmal infection
15. Partial Immotile cilia syndrome
16. Partial Spermatogenic arrest due to interruption of the complex process of germ cell differentiation from spermatid level to the formation of mature spermatozoa results in decreased sperm count i.e. oligospermia. Its diagnosis is made by testicular biopsy. This is found in upto 30% of all cases of dead sperm patients.
17. Heat Exposure to testis: as febrile illness or exposure to hot ambience induces a abnormality in spermatogenesis.
19. Infection – as bacterial epididimo-orchitis, even in prostatis spermatogenic defect have been noted
20. Hyper-thermia due to cryptorchidism
21. Chromosomal abnormality: has been found in many cases of low sperm count
22. Alcohol use, Cocaine or heavy marijuana use or Tobacco smoking may lower sperm count
23. Anti-sperm antibodies. In some people there occurs development of some abnormal blood proteins called anti-sperm antibodies, which binds with sperm and make them either immotile or dead or decrease their count.
24. Infections. Infection of uro-genital tract may affect sperm production. Repeated bouts of infections are one of the common causes associated with male infertility.
25. Klinefelter's syndrome. In this disorder of the chromosomes, a man has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low or absent sperm production. Testosterone production also may be lower.
26. Trauma to testis
27. Environmental toxins: as Pesticides and other chemicals in food or as ayurvedic medicines.
28. Genetic Factors: as idiopathic partial hypo-gonadotropic hypogonadism
How is the cause of necrospermia diagnosed?
For correct diagnosis of cause of necrospermia, we need detail history & physical examinations then certain relevant investigations are required.
History & Physical Examinations: First step in proper treatment is accurate diagnosis of cause of dead sperms. So we first try to find out cause. We take detailed history, thorough drug history and general physical examination, examination of testis, epididymis, testicular veins & sperm carrying duct examinations. These examinations give idea about whether testis is normally developed or not & how is its function. After that depending on likelihood of particular, cause relevant tests are done. All testing facilities are available at our centre. Thus you may consult us at our centre & at same time you may get all tests done. The time taken in getting all the reports ready is 36 hours.
Investigation & Diagnosis: For completes diagnosis of causes of dead sperms one or more of the following tests may be required as
1) Complete male hormone profile: This profile includes all the male hormone tests which control testicular development, functions including normal sperm Productions. The tests include L.H., F.S.H., Testosterones, prolactins, thyroids test, & other relevant hormone tests depending on history & examinations.
2) Antisperm antibody
3) USG or Doppler study of scrotum & testis
4) Semen culture sensitivity
5) Semen fructose
6) Immunobead test
7) Sperm Function Tests
8) Human Sperm-Zona Pellucida Binding Ratio
9) Human Sperm-Zona Pellucida Pentration test
10) Genetic Studies
11) FNAC Testis
12) Egg penetration test
13) Molecular genetic studies done in some special cases
14) Chromosome analysis i.e. Karyotype
15) Assessment of androgen receptor
16) Combined Pituitary hormone tests is performed when needed
17) MRI head if pituitary hormone defect suspected
18) Hemogram test for systemic diseases.
19) Sperm Function Tests
The hamster egg penetration assay (HEPA) and the hemizona assay (HZA) are sperm function tests which can help assess the ability of sperm to penetrate the egg. These tests will not definitively tell whether a pregnancy will occur, but an abnormal test result helps predict reduced fertilizing capability. These tests are performed only rarely today.
20) Semen Fructose
21) Sperm Coiling Test to find out whether the particular sperm is live or dead
How is necrospermia treated?
Secondary necrospermia can be treated once the cause of this condition is found. The treatment should be aiming at treating the cause before correcting the abnormity of testicles. Herbal meidicine "diuretic and anti-inflmmatory pill" could also eliminate all symptoms of necrosermia without reoccur.
What is orchitis?
Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles, most commonly associated with the virus that causes mumps. At least one-third of males who contract mumps after puberty develop orchitis.
What are orchitis causes?
Orchitis may be caused by an infection from many different types of bacteria and viruses.
The most common virus that causes orchitis is mumps. It most often occurs in boys after puberty. Orchitis usually develops 4 - 6 days after the mumps begins. Because of childhood vaccinations, mumps is now rare in the United States.
Orchitis may also occur along with infections of the prostate or epididymis.
Orchitis may be caused by sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. The rate of sexually transmitted orchitis or epididymitis is higher in men ages 19 - 35.
Risk factors for sexually transmitted orchitis include:
- High-risk sexual behaviors
- Multiple sexual partners
- Personal history of gonorrhea or another STD
- Sexual partner with a diagnosed STD
Risk factors for orchitis not due to an STD include:
- Being older than age 45
- Long-term use of a Foley catheter
- Not being vaccinated against the mumps
- Problems of the urinary tract that occurred at birth (congenital)
- Regular urinary tract infections
- Surgery of the urinary tract (genitourinary surgery)
What are orchitis symptoms?
- Orchitis symptoms include:
- Blood in the semen
- Discharge from penis
- Fever
- Groin pain
- Pain with intercourse or ejaculation
- Pain with urination (dysuria)
- Scrotal swelling
- Tender, swollen groin area on affected side
- Tender, swollen, heavy feeling in the testicle
- Testicle pain that is made worse by a bowel movement or straining
How is orchitis diagnosed?
Tests that your doctor may use to diagnose orchitis and to rule out other causes of your testicle pain include:
A physical exam. A physical exam may reveal enlarged lymph nodes in your groin and an enlarged testicle on the affected side; both may be tender to the touch. Your doctor also may do a rectal examination to check for prostate enlargement or tenderness.
STI screening. This involves obtaining a sample of discharge from your urethra. Your doctor may insert a narrow swab into the end of your penis to obtain the sample, which will be viewed under a microscope or cultured to check for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Urinalysis. A sample of your urine, collected either at home first thing in the morning or at your doctor's office, is analyzed in a lab for abnormalities in appearance, concentration or content.
Ultrasound imaging. This test, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create precise images of structures inside your body, may be used to rule out twisting of the spermatic cord (testicular torsion). Ultrasound with color Doppler can determine if the blood flow to your testicle is reduced or increased, which helps confirm the diagnosis of orchitis.
Nuclear scan of the testicles. Also used to rule out testicular torsion, this test involves injecting tiny amounts of radioactive material into your bloodstream. Special cameras can then detect areas in your testicles that receive less blood flow, indicating torsion, or more blood flow, confirming the diagnosis of orchitis.
How is orchitis treated?
Treatments may include:
- Antibiotics -- if the infection is caused by bacteria (in the case of gonorrhea or chlamydia, sexual partners must also be treated)
- Anti-inflammatory medications
- Pain medications
- Bed rest with the scrotum elevated and ice packs applied to the area
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